{"id":900,"date":"2022-05-22T18:40:42","date_gmt":"2022-05-22T18:40:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aswatchamal.com\/?p=900"},"modified":"2022-05-22T18:40:42","modified_gmt":"2022-05-22T18:40:42","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d9%88%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aswatchamal.com\/?p=900","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641: \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0635<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2004 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0628\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 (\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u00a0 1984\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a 1958-1959).<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641: \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/b><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641<\/b>: \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627 <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/b>: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627<\/span>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Khatir\u060c 2011).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a” (1998) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 (1999)\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628.\u00a0 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a “\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635<\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 ( \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a \u060c \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0643\u062f\u0632 <\/span> …) \u060c \u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u060c 2002) \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 . \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1961-1999).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 <\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 <\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 <\/span>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 <\/span>. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1958-1959 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062a.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0646: \u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 <\/span> \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 (\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 1958-1959\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984 …) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004 \u0628\u0637\u064a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 “\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635” \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0645 <\/span>.<\/span> \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u062b\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0634\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0628\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0644\u0640”\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 ” <\/span> \u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a: (Vairel \u00a0 2020). \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 (Rhani 2018\u060c Vairel 2009). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Bendella\u00a0 2017). \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 (Laouina \u00a0 2016) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 (Vairel \u00a0 2004). \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a (Slyomovics\u00a0 2008\u060c Rhani 2021 ). \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062b\u062b (Rhani 2019).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u064b \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 <\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u201d \u0643\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648<\/b>\u0649<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634: \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 (Michaux-Bellaire\u00a0 1926). \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u200b\u200b\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0646\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 (Siraj 2012). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u200b\u200b\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629”Aziza) 2003).<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0(Julien1978).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632. \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u200b\u200b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u200b\u200b\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u200b\u200b\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 ( Siraj 2012).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 ( Zaim 1988\u060c Alach 2012) \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0(\u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0648\u0631 les pr\u00e9sides). \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Nahhass 2016).<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633”\u060c \u0648” \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0631 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647” (Nahass 2016).<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0632\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644 2004 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 25 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2004\u060c. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639<\/span> \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629<\/b> \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 “\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a” <\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 (\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1958-1959 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 1958-1959 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628” \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984\u060c \u0628\u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0634\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e) \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0645\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a 1958-1959:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0“\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u062d\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a! “.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0633\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 (\u062f\u0639\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644) “\u0645\u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629” \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a (\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 200).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0644\u062e (Hibou\u00a0 1996) . \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (Hibou\u00a0 \u0648\u00a0 Tozy2020) \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 <\/span> Harkas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a (Ayach 1981).<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u00a0 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 (1921-1927) \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1958-1959 \u0648 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629” \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a <\/span>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u00a0 “\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u00a0 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621. \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 ” <\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Bendella\u00a0 2017)\u00a0 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644”\u060c \u0641\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641”.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 “\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1956\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u06481999\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0634. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u062f (\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 (\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0645) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 (Bono 2021).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 “\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635” (Vairel\u00a0 2004). \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 ” \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 ” \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a 1999 (Vairel 2009) \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641” \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627. \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 1958-1959 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 “\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635” \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 (USFP) \u060c \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 (PPS) \u060c \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 (PI) \u060c \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (AMDH) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0648\u064a\u00a0 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 “\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 (2005).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 <\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0623\u0633\u0641 (\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641) \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647”.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629”.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629” \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u064f\u0643\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 1958-1959 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1984.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629” \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 “\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629”\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646 “\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a 3 \u0645\u0627\u064a 2005 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0647\u062a\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644: “\u0627\u0631\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0643\u0645”\u060c “\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646” \u0648” \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 “\u060c \u0648” \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 “. \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0624\u062c\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 (naming and shaming) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 1958-1959 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 1958-1959 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 (MP)\u0648\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 (PDI).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1959 \u0643\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 <\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0634\u0648\u0637\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u064f\u0643\u0628\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1958-1959\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u062f\u0647\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 <\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 <\/span>. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 1958-1959 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 “\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635”: “\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 1958-1959\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u201d <\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 1958-1959 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u060c \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b: \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 200 \u0645\u0644\u0641 <\/span> .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 1958-1959.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 1958-1959 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629” \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0623\u0648\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062d \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647 <\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b 1958-1959 \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 <\/span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 (Rhani 2018)\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0“\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627”. “\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a “(\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641) “.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c” \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 “(Charqui 2005).<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0623 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Nahass 2014).<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 (\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0648\u0631) \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0648\u0631). \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 (Nahass 2016). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0645 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647) \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648-\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a 1970 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a 1990\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 1990. \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641: \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1999 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644 2004.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637” <\/span> . \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062c \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \/ \u0623\u0648 “\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (ARID)\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 <\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 (Rhani 2020\u060cSaadi 2019) \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642. \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a (IURS)\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c<\/b> \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 (CRESC<\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (CNDH MARO<\/span>C)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0635\u0640\u062f\u0631<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\n

“<\/span>Le Rif: les m\u00e9andres d\u2019une r\u00e9concilition ” 28 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2022.<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/anneemaghreb\/10170<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a :\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n